Study of the Microbiological Quality of Water for Hemodialysis After Implementation of a New Treatment System at the University Hospital of Yaoundé

Cédric Gueguim; Allan Steeve Tchantchou; Chimene Benga Mekoulou; Olivia Nwaha Tamnga; Alain Ragon; Marius Noubi Fezeu; Corneille Lawo Banga; Lucien Honoré Etame Sone; Richard Ghogomu Tanwi; Marie Patrice Halle; François Kaze Folefack; Nnanga Nga

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijmb.20240903.12

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Study of the Microbiological Quality of Water for Hemodialysis After Implementation of a New Treatment System at the University Hospital of Yaoundé

Cédric Gueguim^*

, Allan Steeve Tchantchou, Chimene Benga Mekoulou, Olivia Nwaha Tamnga, Alain Ragon, Marius Noubi Fezeu, Corneille Lawo Banga, Lucien Honoré Etame Sone, Richard Ghogomu Tanwi, Marie Patrice Halle, François Kaze Folefack, Nnanga Nga

Published in International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology (Volume 9, Issue 3)

Received: 5 July 2024 Accepted: 22 July 2024 Published: 6 August 2024

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Abstract

Controlling the microbiological quality of water in hemodialysis centers is essential to avoid complications in hemodialysis patients that may be caused by microorganisms. The aim of this study was to determine the microbiological quality of water after the installation of a new water treatment system in the hemodialysis department of the Yaoundé University Hospital Center. A total of sixteen (16) samples were taken every two weeks at sites A (network inlet), B (filter outlet/osmosis inlet), C (osmosis outlet) and D (loop return) between May and July 2023. Microorganisms were isolated after filtration of 100 ml of water through a nitrocellulose membrane, microporosity 0.22 µm, then deposited on Tryptone Glucose Extract Agar (TGEA) medium and incubated at room temperature between 17 and 22°C for 7 days. After subculturing on different media, the pure microorganisms were identified by their cultural characteristics and marketed biochemical galleries. The compliance threshold was below 100CFU/ml. Of the samples analyzed, 56% (9/16) were declared non-compliant (>100UFC/ml) versus 43% (7/16) compliant (<100CFU/ml). Only samples from the fourth series were all compliant at points A, B, C and D. Of the microorganisms identified, five (5) species were Gram-negative bacilli, including Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas luteola, Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Gram-positive cocci were all coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and yeasts were Candida spp. The most frequently isolated bacterial genera were Pseudomonas (29.17%), Staphylococcus (25%), Acinetobacter (16.67%), Stenotrophomonas (12.50%), Candida (12.50%) and Burkholderia (4.17%). In this study, although the samples from the fourth series of sampling were all compliant at the various sampling points, the high rate of non-compliance and the detection of a variety of microorganisms demonstrate the need to reinforce the disinfection system in the hemodialysis water treatment circuit.

Published in	International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology (Volume 9, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijmb.20240903.12
Page(s)	54-60
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Water, Hemodialysis, Contamination, Microorganisms, Disinfection

References

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[2]	National Kidney Foundation https://www.kidney.org
[3]	Kohn, Orly F.; Plascencia, Miguel; Taylor, Yolanda; Koyner, Jay L.. Novel Use of Premixed Dialysate Bags during Water Supply Interruption in Acute Hospital Setting. Kidney360 February 2021, 2(2): p 339-343. https://doi.org/10.34067/KID.0004762020
[4]	Skarupskiene I, Bumblyte IA, Kuzminskis V. Endotoksinu kiekis hemodializei naudojamame vandenyje ir dializes tirpale [The level of endotoxins in hemodialysis water and dialysate]. Medicina (Kaunas). 2007; 43 Suppl 1: 81-84.
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[11]	French standard. (2008). Water treatment and distribution system for dilution of concentrated hemodialysis solutions - Design, operation, performance and safety requirements. S93-315: (2008). https://doi:org/ 10.1159/000060253
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[13]	O Oumokhtar B, Lalami Ael O, Mahmoud M, Berrada S, Arrayhani M, Houssaini TS. Prevent infection linked to the dialysis water in a hemodialysis center in Fez city (Morocco). Pan Afr Med J. 2013; 16: 122. Published 2013 Nov 28. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2013.16.122.2877
[14]	Heidarieh P, Hashemi Shahraki A, Yaghoubfar R, Hajehasani A, Mirsaeidi M. Microbiological Analysis of Hemodialysis Water in a Developing Country. ASAIO J. 2016 May-Jun; 62(3): 332-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAT.00000000000353 PMID: 26919181
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[17]	Santos, F.; Santos, A. G.; Biernat, J. C.; Souza, M. E. L.; Raubach, A.; Aguirre, A.; Antoniazzi, V. R.; Scorsatto, K.; Seibel, I.; Demin, S. S.; Hickmann, A. C.; Oliveira, F. P.; Borba, E. V.; Simon, S.; Santos, S. S. Detecção de endotoxina pelo teste do limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) em unidades de hemodiálise. Rev. Virt. Med, 1, 2000.
[18]	Cedric Gueguim and others, #4059 MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF HEMODIALYSIS WATER AT THE DOUALA GENERAL HOSPITAL, CAMEROON, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, June 2023, Volume 38, Issue Supplement_1. https://doi:org/ 10.30574/ijsra
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[20]	Sang-Hyun Park, Young-Hyeon Lee, Min-Ho Yeo, Hi-Ryun Lee, Hye-Sook Kim, Kyung-Soo Chang. "Comparison of Microbial Detection of Hemodialysis Water in Reasoner's 2A Agar (R2A) and Trypticase Soy Agar (TSA)." JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY 51, no. 2 (2021): 79-88, https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2021.51.2.079
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APA Style

Gueguim, C., Tchantchou, A. S., Mekoulou, C. B., Tamnga, O. N., Ragon, A., et al. (2024). Study of the Microbiological Quality of Water for Hemodialysis After Implementation of a New Treatment System at the University Hospital of Yaoundé. International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 9(3), 54-60. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20240903.12

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ACS Style

Gueguim, C.; Tchantchou, A. S.; Mekoulou, C. B.; Tamnga, O. N.; Ragon, A., et al. Study of the Microbiological Quality of Water for Hemodialysis After Implementation of a New Treatment System at the University Hospital of Yaoundé. Int. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2024, 9(3), 54-60. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20240903.12

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AMA Style

Gueguim C, Tchantchou AS, Mekoulou CB, Tamnga ON, Ragon A, et al. Study of the Microbiological Quality of Water for Hemodialysis After Implementation of a New Treatment System at the University Hospital of Yaoundé. Int J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2024;9(3):54-60. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20240903.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijmb.20240903.12,
  author = {Cédric Gueguim and Allan Steeve Tchantchou and Chimene Benga Mekoulou and Olivia Nwaha Tamnga and Alain Ragon and Marius Noubi Fezeu and Corneille Lawo Banga and Lucien Honoré Etame Sone and Richard Ghogomu Tanwi and Marie Patrice Halle and François Kaze Folefack and Nnanga Nga},
  title = {Study of the Microbiological Quality of Water for Hemodialysis After Implementation of a New Treatment System at the University Hospital of Yaoundé
},
  journal = {International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {54-60},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmb.20240903.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20240903.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmb.20240903.12},
  abstract = {Controlling the microbiological quality of water in hemodialysis centers is essential to avoid complications in hemodialysis patients that may be caused by microorganisms. The aim of this study was to determine the microbiological quality of water after the installation of a new water treatment system in the hemodialysis department of the Yaoundé University Hospital Center. A total of sixteen (16) samples were taken every two weeks at sites A (network inlet), B (filter outlet/osmosis inlet), C (osmosis outlet) and D (loop return) between May and July 2023. Microorganisms were isolated after filtration of 100 ml of water through a nitrocellulose membrane, microporosity 0.22 µm, then deposited on Tryptone Glucose Extract Agar (TGEA) medium and incubated at room temperature between 17 and 22°C for 7 days. After subculturing on different media, the pure microorganisms were identified by their cultural characteristics and marketed biochemical galleries. The compliance threshold was below 100CFU/ml. Of the samples analyzed, 56% (9/16) were declared non-compliant (>100UFC/ml) versus 43% (7/16) compliant (Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas luteola, Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Gram-positive cocci were all coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and yeasts were Candida spp. The most frequently isolated bacterial genera were Pseudomonas (29.17%), Staphylococcus (25%), Acinetobacter (16.67%), Stenotrophomonas (12.50%), Candida (12.50%) and Burkholderia (4.17%). In this study, although the samples from the fourth series of sampling were all compliant at the various sampling points, the high rate of non-compliance and the detection of a variety of microorganisms demonstrate the need to reinforce the disinfection system in the hemodialysis water treatment circuit.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Study of the Microbiological Quality of Water for Hemodialysis After Implementation of a New Treatment System at the University Hospital of Yaoundé

AU  - Cédric Gueguim
AU  - Allan Steeve Tchantchou
AU  - Chimene Benga Mekoulou
AU  - Olivia Nwaha Tamnga
AU  - Alain Ragon
AU  - Marius Noubi Fezeu
AU  - Corneille Lawo Banga
AU  - Lucien Honoré Etame Sone
AU  - Richard Ghogomu Tanwi
AU  - Marie Patrice Halle
AU  - François Kaze Folefack
AU  - Nnanga Nga
Y1  - 2024/08/06
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20240903.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmb.20240903.12
T2  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
JF  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
JO  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
SP  - 54
EP  - 60
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9686
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20240903.12
AB  - Controlling the microbiological quality of water in hemodialysis centers is essential to avoid complications in hemodialysis patients that may be caused by microorganisms. The aim of this study was to determine the microbiological quality of water after the installation of a new water treatment system in the hemodialysis department of the Yaoundé University Hospital Center. A total of sixteen (16) samples were taken every two weeks at sites A (network inlet), B (filter outlet/osmosis inlet), C (osmosis outlet) and D (loop return) between May and July 2023. Microorganisms were isolated after filtration of 100 ml of water through a nitrocellulose membrane, microporosity 0.22 µm, then deposited on Tryptone Glucose Extract Agar (TGEA) medium and incubated at room temperature between 17 and 22°C for 7 days. After subculturing on different media, the pure microorganisms were identified by their cultural characteristics and marketed biochemical galleries. The compliance threshold was below 100CFU/ml. Of the samples analyzed, 56% (9/16) were declared non-compliant (>100UFC/ml) versus 43% (7/16) compliant (Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas luteola, Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Gram-positive cocci were all coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and yeasts were Candida spp. The most frequently isolated bacterial genera were Pseudomonas (29.17%), Staphylococcus (25%), Acinetobacter (16.67%), Stenotrophomonas (12.50%), Candida (12.50%) and Burkholderia (4.17%). In this study, although the samples from the fourth series of sampling were all compliant at the various sampling points, the high rate of non-compliance and the detection of a variety of microorganisms demonstrate the need to reinforce the disinfection system in the hemodialysis water treatment circuit.

VL  - 9
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Cédric Gueguim

Department of Environmental Sciences, Higher Institute of Agriculture, Wood, Water and the Environment, University of Bertoua, Belabo, Cameroon; Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9408-6639
Allan Steeve Tchantchou

Department of Biology, Higher Institute of Medical Technology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Chimene Benga Mekoulou

Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Olivia Nwaha Tamnga

Department of Biology, Higher Institute of Medical Technology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Alain Ragon

Division of Uro-Nephrology Laboratory, Hospital of Conception, Marseille, France
Marius Noubi Fezeu

Department of Biology, Higher Institute of Medical Technology, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Corneille Lawo Banga

Department of Environmental Sciences, Higher Institute of Agriculture, Wood, Water and the Environment, University of Bertoua, Belabo, Cameroon
Lucien Honoré Etame Sone

Department of Biology, Higher Institute of Medical Technology, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Institute for Medical Research and Medicinal Plants (IMPM), Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Richard Ghogomu Tanwi

Department of Environmental Sciences, Higher Institute of Agriculture, Wood, Water and the Environment, University of Bertoua, Belabo, Cameroon
Marie Patrice Halle

Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
François Kaze Folefack

Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Nnanga Nga

Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Yaoundé, Cameroon; Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon

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APA Style

Gueguim, C., Tchantchou, A. S., Mekoulou, C. B., Tamnga, O. N., Ragon, A., et al. (2024). Study of the Microbiological Quality of Water for Hemodialysis After Implementation of a New Treatment System at the University Hospital of Yaoundé. International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 9(3), 54-60. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20240903.12

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ACS Style

Gueguim, C.; Tchantchou, A. S.; Mekoulou, C. B.; Tamnga, O. N.; Ragon, A., et al. Study of the Microbiological Quality of Water for Hemodialysis After Implementation of a New Treatment System at the University Hospital of Yaoundé. Int. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2024, 9(3), 54-60. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20240903.12

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AMA Style

Gueguim C, Tchantchou AS, Mekoulou CB, Tamnga ON, Ragon A, et al. Study of the Microbiological Quality of Water for Hemodialysis After Implementation of a New Treatment System at the University Hospital of Yaoundé. Int J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2024;9(3):54-60. doi: 10.11648/j.ijmb.20240903.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijmb.20240903.12,
  author = {Cédric Gueguim and Allan Steeve Tchantchou and Chimene Benga Mekoulou and Olivia Nwaha Tamnga and Alain Ragon and Marius Noubi Fezeu and Corneille Lawo Banga and Lucien Honoré Etame Sone and Richard Ghogomu Tanwi and Marie Patrice Halle and François Kaze Folefack and Nnanga Nga},
  title = {Study of the Microbiological Quality of Water for Hemodialysis After Implementation of a New Treatment System at the University Hospital of Yaoundé
},
  journal = {International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology},
  volume = {9},
  number = {3},
  pages = {54-60},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijmb.20240903.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20240903.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijmb.20240903.12},
  abstract = {Controlling the microbiological quality of water in hemodialysis centers is essential to avoid complications in hemodialysis patients that may be caused by microorganisms. The aim of this study was to determine the microbiological quality of water after the installation of a new water treatment system in the hemodialysis department of the Yaoundé University Hospital Center. A total of sixteen (16) samples were taken every two weeks at sites A (network inlet), B (filter outlet/osmosis inlet), C (osmosis outlet) and D (loop return) between May and July 2023. Microorganisms were isolated after filtration of 100 ml of water through a nitrocellulose membrane, microporosity 0.22 µm, then deposited on Tryptone Glucose Extract Agar (TGEA) medium and incubated at room temperature between 17 and 22°C for 7 days. After subculturing on different media, the pure microorganisms were identified by their cultural characteristics and marketed biochemical galleries. The compliance threshold was below 100CFU/ml. Of the samples analyzed, 56% (9/16) were declared non-compliant (>100UFC/ml) versus 43% (7/16) compliant (Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas luteola, Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Gram-positive cocci were all coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and yeasts were Candida spp. The most frequently isolated bacterial genera were Pseudomonas (29.17%), Staphylococcus (25%), Acinetobacter (16.67%), Stenotrophomonas (12.50%), Candida (12.50%) and Burkholderia (4.17%). In this study, although the samples from the fourth series of sampling were all compliant at the various sampling points, the high rate of non-compliance and the detection of a variety of microorganisms demonstrate the need to reinforce the disinfection system in the hemodialysis water treatment circuit.
},
 year = {2024}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Study of the Microbiological Quality of Water for Hemodialysis After Implementation of a New Treatment System at the University Hospital of Yaoundé

AU  - Cédric Gueguim
AU  - Allan Steeve Tchantchou
AU  - Chimene Benga Mekoulou
AU  - Olivia Nwaha Tamnga
AU  - Alain Ragon
AU  - Marius Noubi Fezeu
AU  - Corneille Lawo Banga
AU  - Lucien Honoré Etame Sone
AU  - Richard Ghogomu Tanwi
AU  - Marie Patrice Halle
AU  - François Kaze Folefack
AU  - Nnanga Nga
Y1  - 2024/08/06
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20240903.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijmb.20240903.12
T2  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
JF  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
JO  - International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
SP  - 54
EP  - 60
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2578-9686
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijmb.20240903.12
AB  - Controlling the microbiological quality of water in hemodialysis centers is essential to avoid complications in hemodialysis patients that may be caused by microorganisms. The aim of this study was to determine the microbiological quality of water after the installation of a new water treatment system in the hemodialysis department of the Yaoundé University Hospital Center. A total of sixteen (16) samples were taken every two weeks at sites A (network inlet), B (filter outlet/osmosis inlet), C (osmosis outlet) and D (loop return) between May and July 2023. Microorganisms were isolated after filtration of 100 ml of water through a nitrocellulose membrane, microporosity 0.22 µm, then deposited on Tryptone Glucose Extract Agar (TGEA) medium and incubated at room temperature between 17 and 22°C for 7 days. After subculturing on different media, the pure microorganisms were identified by their cultural characteristics and marketed biochemical galleries. The compliance threshold was below 100CFU/ml. Of the samples analyzed, 56% (9/16) were declared non-compliant (>100UFC/ml) versus 43% (7/16) compliant (Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas luteola, Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Gram-positive cocci were all coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and yeasts were Candida spp. The most frequently isolated bacterial genera were Pseudomonas (29.17%), Staphylococcus (25%), Acinetobacter (16.67%), Stenotrophomonas (12.50%), Candida (12.50%) and Burkholderia (4.17%). In this study, although the samples from the fourth series of sampling were all compliant at the various sampling points, the high rate of non-compliance and the detection of a variety of microorganisms demonstrate the need to reinforce the disinfection system in the hemodialysis water treatment circuit.

VL  - 9
IS  - 3
ER  -

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