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Research Article
Diversity of the Ralstonia Solanacearum Species of Potato Seeds in Mali
Binta Diallo,
Adounigna Kassogué,
Rokiatou Fané,
Moctar Coulibaly,
Sognan Dao,
Ibrahima Mallé,
Amadou Hamadoun Babana*
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2024
Pages:
43-53
Received:
27 May 2024
Accepted:
24 June 2024
Published:
8 July 2024
Abstract: Potato brown rot was classified as a quarantine disease because of the complexity of the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum L., formerly called Pseudonomas or Burkholderia solanacearum. This same bacterium causes the disease bacterial wilt. It is a multifaceted bacterium hence the complex name Ralstonia solanacearum (CeRs or RASLSSO) or BW (in English). It attacks several plant families, notably nightshades such as potatoes; the tomato; eggplant; chili pepper; tobacco…etc. The potato is the most cultivated plant worldwide. Mali is the second largest producer in West Africa after Nigeria. It imports more than 9,000 to 11,000 tons of seeds each year. Potato cultivation is faced with several biotic and abiotic attacks. Among all these attacks, those caused by bacteria cause the most significant damage. In addition, diseases caused mainly by the Ralstonia solanacearum complex lack adequate control solutions. Despite everything, today, very few studies are carried out to identify these bacteria in order to prevent their spread in the soil in Mali. This is why the objective of this study is to identify the bacteria responsible for brown rot in potato seeds in Mali. To achieve our objective, a total of 63 samples were taken from nine varieties of imported and locally multiplied potato seeds. The agent responsible for brown rot was isolated on the Triphenyl-Tetrazolium-chloride culture medium, and several microbiological, biochemical and molecular tests were carried out to identify the different isolates selected. As the main results of this study: twenty-seven bacterial isolates, capable of causing brown rot of potato seeds were isolated, the biochemical tests carried out on these isolates showed that they all of race3 and twenty -four isolates were biovar 3; one from biovar 2 and two from biovar 6. The molecular studies carried out using universal primers confirmed the presence of the species Ralstonia solanacearum with two phylotypes (I and II).
Abstract: Potato brown rot was classified as a quarantine disease because of the complexity of the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum L., formerly called Pseudonomas or Burkholderia solanacearum. This same bacterium causes the disease bacterial wilt. It is a multifaceted bacterium hence the complex name Ralstonia solanacearum (CeRs or RASLSSO) or BW (in English...
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Research Article
Study of the Microbiological Quality of Water for Hemodialysis After Implementation of a New Treatment System at the University Hospital of Yaoundé
Cédric Gueguim*
,
Allan Steeve Tchantchou,
Chimene Benga Mekoulou,
Olivia Nwaha Tamnga,
Alain Ragon,
Marius Noubi Fezeu,
Corneille Lawo Banga,
Lucien Honoré Etame Sone,
Richard Ghogomu Tanwi,
Marie Patrice Halle,
François Kaze Folefack,
Nnanga Nga
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2024
Pages:
54-60
Received:
5 July 2024
Accepted:
22 July 2024
Published:
6 August 2024
Abstract: Controlling the microbiological quality of water in hemodialysis centers is essential to avoid complications in hemodialysis patients that may be caused by microorganisms. The aim of this study was to determine the microbiological quality of water after the installation of a new water treatment system in the hemodialysis department of the Yaoundé University Hospital Center. A total of sixteen (16) samples were taken every two weeks at sites A (network inlet), B (filter outlet/osmosis inlet), C (osmosis outlet) and D (loop return) between May and July 2023. Microorganisms were isolated after filtration of 100 ml of water through a nitrocellulose membrane, microporosity 0.22 µm, then deposited on Tryptone Glucose Extract Agar (TGEA) medium and incubated at room temperature between 17 and 22°C for 7 days. After subculturing on different media, the pure microorganisms were identified by their cultural characteristics and marketed biochemical galleries. The compliance threshold was below 100CFU/ml. Of the samples analyzed, 56% (9/16) were declared non-compliant (>100UFC/ml) versus 43% (7/16) compliant (<100CFU/ml). Only samples from the fourth series were all compliant at points A, B, C and D. Of the microorganisms identified, five (5) species were Gram-negative bacilli, including Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas luteola, Burkholderia cepacia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Gram-positive cocci were all coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and yeasts were Candida spp. The most frequently isolated bacterial genera were Pseudomonas (29.17%), Staphylococcus (25%), Acinetobacter (16.67%), Stenotrophomonas (12.50%), Candida (12.50%) and Burkholderia (4.17%). In this study, although the samples from the fourth series of sampling were all compliant at the various sampling points, the high rate of non-compliance and the detection of a variety of microorganisms demonstrate the need to reinforce the disinfection system in the hemodialysis water treatment circuit.
Abstract: Controlling the microbiological quality of water in hemodialysis centers is essential to avoid complications in hemodialysis patients that may be caused by microorganisms. The aim of this study was to determine the microbiological quality of water after the installation of a new water treatment system in the hemodialysis department of the Yaoundé U...
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Research Article
Isolation of Microbes from Landfill Soil of Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
Shalini Singh,
Deepa Srivastava*
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2024
Pages:
61-67
Received:
12 May 2024
Accepted:
3 June 2024
Published:
15 August 2024
Abstract: This study focuses on the isolation and characterization of microbes from landfill soil in Gorakhpur, India. Landfills are a major source of soil pollution, and understanding the microbial composition in these environments is crucial for assessing soil quality and developing remediation strategies. Microorganisms can degrade numerous of organic pollutants owing to their metabolic machinery and to their capacity to adapt to inhospitable environment. Thus, microorganisms are major players in site remediation. However, their efficiency depends on many factors, including the chemical nature and the concentration of pollutants, their availability to microorganisms, and the physio-chemical characteristics of the environment. The research identified a diverse microbial community in the landfill soil, with predominant bacterial representatives including Gamma-proteobacteria, firmicutes, and bacteroids. Gram staining revealed the prevalence of gram-positive bacilli, along with distinct fungal species. These findings emphasize the potential of microorganisms in degrading organic pollutants and transforming various compounds in landfill soil. By elucidating the microbial diversity in landfill sites, this study provides insights for sustainable waste management practices and environmental conservation efforts. One of the major cause of soil pollution are landfills. There are the sites designated for dumping rubbish, garbage, or other sorts of solid wastes. Because most of these waste materials are non-biodegradable, they heap in the landfills where they stay for years, impacting on soil quality and polluting the land. The aim of this study is to isolate and investigate the role of microorganisms in a particular landfill area of Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh and to identify the microbial community found in that particular area.
Abstract: This study focuses on the isolation and characterization of microbes from landfill soil in Gorakhpur, India. Landfills are a major source of soil pollution, and understanding the microbial composition in these environments is crucial for assessing soil quality and developing remediation strategies. Microorganisms can degrade numerous of organic pol...
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Research Article
Assessment of Saliva and Urine Performance for Antimalarial Drug Resistance Molecular Markers Study
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2024
Pages:
68-78
Received:
7 July 2024
Accepted:
2 August 2024
Published:
20 August 2024
Abstract: Background: The malaria diagnostic tools developed to date require blood to be taken. However, certain groups in the population are reluctant to take blood samples because of their cultural habits (blood taboo), or because of the fear associated with the trauma of the injection, especially when the sample is taken repeatedly. Saliva and urine, which are not very invasive to collect, have not been widely used for malaria diagnosis. The aim of this study is to assess the performance of saliva and urine in detecting molecular markers of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to antimalarial drugs. Methodology: Blood, urine and saliva samples were collected in three different localities from 94 patients over 2 years of age with microscopically confirmed Plasmodium falciparum uncomplicated malaria. P. falciparum genomic DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) was then extracted and amplified using primers specific for the Pfcrt (Plasmodium falciparum Chloroquine Resistance Transporter), Pfdhfr (Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase) and PfK13 propeller (Plasmodium falciparum Kelch13 propeller) genes. The amplification products were processed by electrophoresis and analyzed against blood, saliva and urine samples. A multivariate statistical analysis in R programming environment was performed aiming to assess the performance of blood, saliva and urine samples in detecting molecular markers of P. falciparum resistance. Results: Agarose gel electrophoresis of the amplification products of each gene detected the Pfcrt genes at 80.85% (76/94), Pfdhfr at 95.74% (90/94) and PfK13 Propeller at 98.93% (93/94) in blood. In saliva, gene detection levels were 50% (47/94), 69.14% (65/94) and 4.26% (4/94) respectively for the K13 propeller, Pfdhfr and Pfcrt genes. Unlike the Pfcrt gene, which was not detected, 45.74% (43/94) and 38.30% (36/94) of PfK13 Propeller and pfdhfr genes respectively were detected in urine. Taking blood as the reference biological sample, statistical analysis showed that unlike urine, saliva exhibited a detection performance for molecular markers of antimalarial drug resistance (pfcrt, pfdhfr, pfK13 propeller) close to that of blood (p < 0.05). The performance of saliva and urine was also assessed on the basis of the detection of the molecular markers pfdhfr, pfcrt and pfK13 using ROC (receiver operational characteristic) analysis. The data revealed a high sensitivity of saliva compared with urine in the detection of the pfdhfr, pfcrt and pfK13 propeller genes. Conclusion: The levels of detection of molecular markers of antimalarial drug resistance studied in saliva are close to those in blood. Saliva is a high-performance biological product that could potentially be used as an alternative non-invasive sample for the study of molecular markers of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to antimalarial drugs.
Abstract: Background: The malaria diagnostic tools developed to date require blood to be taken. However, certain groups in the population are reluctant to take blood samples because of their cultural habits (blood taboo), or because of the fear associated with the trauma of the injection, especially when the sample is taken repeatedly. Saliva and urine, whic...
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Research Article
Influence of a New Generation Fungicide on Fusarium Head Blight in Spring Barley
Simbo Diakite*,
Ousmane Diarra,
Rabiatou Adolphe Diarra,
Modibo Maiga,
Brahima Traoré,
Boubacar Madio Dit Aladiogo Maiga,
Atia Traoré,
Christiane Dembelé,
Adounignia Kassogue,
Sognan Dao,
Mah Fané,
Fassé Samaké,
Mamadou Welé,
Amadou Hamadoun Babana
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2024
Pages:
79-84
Received:
15 July 2024
Accepted:
7 August 2024
Published:
27 August 2024
Abstract: Fusarium head blight is a serious problem in both traditional and intensive agriculture. The way to solve this problem is to use combined systemic fungicides. We therefore studied the effect of the new-generation fungicides Alto Super and KE (Propiconazole 250 g/l and Ciproconazole 80 g/l) combined with the foliar fertilizer Ultramag Super Sulphur-900. Laboratory studies were carried out at the Plant Pathology Laboratory of the People's Friendship University of Russia (RUDN), and field experiments were carried out in 2022 at the experimental field station of the Federal Research Centre "Nemchinovka." Fusarium head blight appeared in late July and early August. The application of the new-generation fungicide Alto Super, KE, alone and in combination with the new foliar fertilizer Ultramag Super Sulphur considerably reduced the development of the epiphytotic fungal disease. Their biological efficacy was 44.53–83.36%. The yield of Nur Spring barley in the experimental variants was higher than in the control variant. The yield gain of spring barley increased by 5.85% for Alto Super, KE, 9.40% for Ultramag Super Sulphur-900, and 12.85% for Alto Super, KE, and Ultramag Super Sulphur-900.
Abstract: Fusarium head blight is a serious problem in both traditional and intensive agriculture. The way to solve this problem is to use combined systemic fungicides. We therefore studied the effect of the new-generation fungicides Alto Super and KE (Propiconazole 250 g/l and Ciproconazole 80 g/l) combined with the foliar fertilizer Ultramag Super Sulphur-...
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Research Article
Bacillus Species Consortium as a New Starter in the Optimization of Cassava Tuber Retting
Josabeth Ickofa,
Christian Aimé Kayath*,
Jean Mathurin Nzikou,
Michel Dzondo Gadet
Issue:
Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2024
Pages:
85-96
Received:
19 July 2024
Accepted:
12 August 2024
Published:
30 August 2024
DOI:
10.11648/j.ijmb.20240903.16
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Abstract: This work aims to contribute to the elaboration of a stater consortium of performing Bacillus Spp capable of significantly standardizing the retting of cassava tubers. We monitored the retting, and the changes in multiple parameters, including pH, titrable acidity, bacterial level, texture profiles, volatile flavor compounds, and sensory quality. We proceeded with the isolation of bacteria of the genus Bacillus which were further characterized by classical microbiology techniques. In total, fifty-seven bacteria were obtained. Some of them were confirmed by FibE multiplex PCR. The identified organisms belonged to three Bacillus species: B. subtilis, B. pumilus, and B. safensis. Based on the Penetrometry Indices after 24, 48 and 72 hours (PI48) and enzymatic profiles, 24.5% (14) from Mokiki presented interesting fermentation potential, these were selected to realize seventy-seven Bacillus spp consortia in duo. 12% could easily soften cassava tubers after 24 and 48 hours (PI24≥6 and PI48≥8). These consortia allowed the retting of cassava with a shorter fermentation time of two days. Bacillus constituting the consortia also showed the ability to produce a range of biomolecules potentially involved in their fermentative capacity including Pectinase, Amylase, Protease and Biosurfactant.
Abstract: This work aims to contribute to the elaboration of a stater consortium of performing Bacillus Spp capable of significantly standardizing the retting of cassava tubers. We monitored the retting, and the changes in multiple parameters, including pH, titrable acidity, bacterial level, texture profiles, volatile flavor compounds, and sensory quality. W...
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