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Emergence of Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Broiler Chicks
Jihan Mostafa Badr,
Fawzy Reyad El Saidy,
Amal Abdelwahed Abdelfattah
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, June 2020
Pages:
41-47
Received:
2 November 2019
Accepted:
8 April 2020
Published:
17 April 2020
Abstract: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium responsible for serious problems in poultry farms and is one of the most relevant pathogens causing human opportunistic infections. Poultry has been suggested to be a reservoir for antibiotic resistance bacteria that may aggravate the problem of pseudomonas infection. The present work was applied to investigate the drug resistance among P. aeruginosa isolated from chicks in different poultry farms and its hazard to human health. A total of 460 broiler chicks constituted 46 private farms were examined for the presence of P. aeruginosa infection. Samples were collected from internal organs of broiler chicks subjected to bacteriological examination and identification. Thirty two P. aeruginosa isolates were recovered from 183 broiler chicks (39.78%) were positive for isolation of P. aeruginosa constituted 32 positive farms with a prevalence of (69.57%). Antimicrobial drug assay was applied against 14 different antimicrobial agents constituted 10 antibiotic genera. The majority of the isolates were sensitive to 3rd generation quinolones (levofloxacin, Enrofloxacin and Danofloxacin) in incidences 81.25%, 59.375% and 46.875% respectively. The sensitivity to Aminoglycosides (Gentamycin and Tobramycin) ranged from 37.5% to 43.75% while Polymyxins showed 34.375%. The least sensitivity was towards Phenicoles (Florfenicol) and Tetracyclines (Doxycycline), 9.375% for each. Antibiotic resistant pattern of the isolated P. aeruginosa revealed that all the isolates were multidrug resistant with MARindices for most isolates was determined to be > 0.6 indicating the misuse of antibiotics in poultry farms. P. aeruginosa isolates showed complete resistance towards cefotaxime, cefradine, nalidixic acid, and spectinomycin (100% for each) with high resistance rates among sulfamethxazole/ trimethoprim, amoxicillin (96.875, 93.75, respectively), doxycycline and florfenicol (90.625 for each), followed by colistine sulphate, gentamycin, tobramycin, danofloxacin, and enrofloxacin with percentages of 68.75, 62.5, 56.25 53.13, 40.6% respectively, which all posing a significant threat to public health. In conclusion poultry farms should take strict measures to improve the management of animal nutrition and production hygiene to overcome possible sources of pseudomonas infection. The misuse of antibiotics leads to the development of resistant bacteria that may transfer from poultry to humans. Strict supervision and enforcement of laws to control antibiotic usage in food chain within established safe levels must be done.
Abstract: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogenic bacterium responsible for serious problems in poultry farms and is one of the most relevant pathogens causing human opportunistic infections. Poultry has been suggested to be a reservoir for antibiotic resistance bacteria that may aggravate the problem of pseudomonas infection. The present work ...
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Molecular Characterization of Extended Spectrum Beta-lactamase from Enterobacter cloacae, E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae from Pregnant Women in South-south Nigeria
Florence Zion Uyanga,
Emmanuel Olufemi Ekundayo,
Emmanuel Onwubiko Nwankwo,
Inimfon Akaninyene Ibanga
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, June 2020
Pages:
48-54
Received:
7 February 2020
Accepted:
21 February 2020
Published:
21 April 2020
Abstract: Extended spectrum beta-lactamase prevalence is still on the increase across the world and has been implicated in urinary tract infections in Nigeria. TEM, SHV and CTX-M are becoming more common with CTX-M-15 becoming more significant as it is associated with complicated urinary tract infections. This study was conducted to evaluate distribution of blaTEM, blaCTX-M-15 and blaSHV genes among Enterobacter cloacae, E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. A total of 660 urine samples were collected from pregnant women in 3 general hospitals from Akwa Ibom state. Enterobacter cloacae, E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were identified using Microbact 24E. The disc diffusion and combined discs methods were used for testing antimicrobial susceptibility. The presence of ESBL was detected using Double Disk Synergy Test (DDST) and CHROMagar ESBL, respectively. Plasmid extraction was carried out following the protocol of ZR Plasmid Miniprep-Classic extraction kit. The blaCTX-M-15, blaTEM and blaSHV was identified by PCR with specific primers in selected 50 ESBL producing isolates. A total of 252 clinical isolates were collected from three General Hospitals in South-South, Nigeria. ESBLs were found in 231 (92%) isolates. blaCTX-M-15 was the commonest genotype (84%), followed by blaSHV (60%) and blaTEM (60%). ESBL positive strains of E. cloacae, E. coli and K pneumoniae are increasingly found in isolates from pregnant women. The current study demonstrated the predominance of gene encoding blaCTX-M-15 with a percentage frequency of (84%) commonly with plasmid in the setting.
Abstract: Extended spectrum beta-lactamase prevalence is still on the increase across the world and has been implicated in urinary tract infections in Nigeria. TEM, SHV and CTX-M are becoming more common with CTX-M-15 becoming more significant as it is associated with complicated urinary tract infections. This study was conducted to evaluate distribution of ...
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The Pore-forming Leukotoxins from S. aureus Involve Ca2+ Release-Activated Ca2+ Channels and Other Types of Ca2+ Channels in Ca2+ Entry into Neutrophils
Leïla Staali,
Didier André Colin
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, June 2020
Pages:
55-68
Received:
13 April 2020
Accepted:
30 April 2020
Published:
15 May 2020
Abstract: The pore-forming bi-component leukotoxins from Staphylococcus aureus induce two independent cellular events 1) the formation of trans-membrane pores not permeable to divalent ions and 2) the opening of pre-existing Ca2+ channels in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). The influx of Ca2+ and Mn2+ (Mn2+ was used as a Ca2+ surrogate) in Fura2-loaded human PMNs was determined by spectrofluorometry techniques. The present study showed that, in the presence of extracellular Ca2+, the staphylococcal HlgA/HlgB γ-hemolysin induced a rapid Ca2+ release from internal Ca2+ stores before the onset of a Mn2+ (Ca2+) influx. The sustained increase of Ca2+ and Mn2+ influx was partially inhibited by the ionic blockers of Ca2+ Release-Activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels, La3+ and Ni2+. Furthermore, the incubation of human PMNs with either TMB8 or thapsigargin did inhibit significantly the Ca2+ release mediated by leukotoxins simultanously to a clear decrease of Ca2+ and Mn2+ influx. The internal Ca2+ release induced by γ-hemolysin was also inhibited by PMNs pretreatment with a pertussis toxin, NaF, caffeine, ryanodine, cinnarizine and flunarizine and consequently, the Mn2+ (Ca2+) influx was significantly reduced. Moreover, different Ca2+ signaling pathways blockers such as U73122, staurosporine, thyrphostin A9 and okadaic acid were tested on the leukotoxins activity. Taken together, this work provided evidence that, in the presence of extracellular Ca2+, bi-component staphylococcal leukotoxins provoked in human PMNs after a specific binding to their membrane receptors, a rapid depletion of internal Ca2+ stores mediating a CRAC channels activation. This Ca2+-dependent mechanism seems likely to be associated to the heterotrimeric G-proteins activation. Interestingly, in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, the staphylococcal leukotoxins tested induced the opening of an important divalent ions (Ca2+, Mn2+, Ni2+) pathway not sensitive to CRAC channels blockers. Consequently, we strongly suggested that other types of Ca2+ channels might be involved in bi-component leukotoxins activity, including Ca2+ channels dependent on the protein kinase C activation.
Abstract: The pore-forming bi-component leukotoxins from Staphylococcus aureus induce two independent cellular events 1) the formation of trans-membrane pores not permeable to divalent ions and 2) the opening of pre-existing Ca2+ channels in human polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). The influx of Ca2+ and Mn2+ (Mn2+ was used as a Ca2+ surrogate) in Fura2-l...
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Prevalence of Urinary and Intestinal Schistosomiasis Among Rice Framers in Asutsuare, Ghana
Michael Fokuo Ofori,
Bernard Opoku Peprah,
Selorme Adukpo,
Emmanuel Kakra Dickson,
Isaac Anim-Baidoo,
Richard Henry Asmah
Issue:
Volume 5, Issue 2, June 2020
Pages:
69-73
Received:
25 March 2020
Accepted:
10 April 2020
Published:
28 May 2020
Abstract: Schistosomiasis (urinary and intestinal) is a chronic, water-borne parasitic disease caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. The disease poses health problems in Ghana and is known to be associated with recreational and agricultural activities that involving frequent contact with freshwater. This study, therefore, determined the prevalence of urinary and intestinal Schistosomiasis among rice farmers in Asutsuare, a rural farming community in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. A total of 150 study participants comprising of 88 farmhands (people hired to work on rice farm) and 62 rice farm owners of both sexes with ages between 15-68 years were involved. Urine and stool samples were collected from study participants. Urine samples were tested for haematuria, proteinuria and while stool samples were examined under the microscope for schistosome ova. A structured questionnaire was used to gather demographic data and other significant information from the study participants. The prevalence of urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis each among the study group was 19.3% and 2% respectively. The overall prevalence (prevalence of S. haematobium and S. mansoni put together) was (21.33%). The disease was mostly seen among farmhands with the prevalence of the two disease conditions being 21.6% and 3.4% for urinary and intestinal respectively. The prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis among the farm owners was 16.1%, but no intestinal schistosomiasis was detected. Both urinary and intestinal schistosomiasis are prevalent in the study area. The farm helps on rice farms are at a higher risk of contracting the disease than the farm/land owners.
Abstract: Schistosomiasis (urinary and intestinal) is a chronic, water-borne parasitic disease caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma. The disease poses health problems in Ghana and is known to be associated with recreational and agricultural activities that involving frequent contact with freshwater. This study, therefore, determined the prevalence...
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